In-circuit test (ICT) has been instrumental in identifying manufacturing process defects and component defects on countless varieties of populated printed circuit board (PCB) assemblies for more than ...

The limited access afforded to circuit nodes by PCBs densely populated with tiny components seriously challenges traditional PCB test strategies. But while optical and x-ray inspection can help fill ...

There are a number of complex tasks involved in the manufacturing of electronic assemblies, all of which can go wrong. In order to ensure quality standards are met, the fabrication of the printed ...

Printed-circuit boards used to be works of art, and the PCB designer was an artist as well as a technician. Components had many different shapes, sizes, and colors, and the traces connecting them were ...