The programmable logic controller (PLC) is a microprocessor-based system that accepts input data from switches and sensors, processes that data by making decisions in accordance with a stored program, ...

Now, the thing to remember is that we are using a CD4512 chip, whose truth table is shown below. The important thing to note here is that, in addition to the three multiplexer select controls, A, B, ...

All buck converters need capacitors on the input. Actually, in a perfect world, if the supply had zero output impedance and infinite current capacity and the tracks had zero resistance or inductance, ...