Ecological processes occur over multiple spatial, temporal and thematic scales in three-dimensional (3D) ecosystems. Characterizing and monitoring change in 3D structure at multiple scales is ...

There were significant differences in the key driving factors of aboveground biomass in different spatial degrees. The results of the mixed effects model revealed the effects of tree diversity, ...

This is a preview. Log in through your library . Abstract Mussel distributions are often described as clumped or patchy. However, few surveys of mussel populations have been designed to quantify these ...

The kelp forest is ephemeral, yet foundational. Fronds of this fast-growing giant seaweed come and go with the seasons, storms and waves, supporting communities of fish, invertebrates and even mammals ...