In 2017, worldwide crude steel production was up by 5.3 % year on year, reaching a total of 1691 million tonnes. 1 Much of this steel was produced using primary processes like electric arc furnaces ...

Electroslag remelting (ESR) is an advanced secondary refining technique that has become central to the production of high-quality steel. In this process, a consumable electrode is melted through a ...

Will disrupt a $2.4 trillion-plus market and produce commodities accounting for more than 95% of all mined materials on Earth, reshaping global supply chains, unlocking material abundance, and ...

Rock Refinery® leverages co-production—a proven industrial strategy that has led to three great refineries (oil, fertilizers, and complex metallic sulfides) and transformed dozens of other sectors ...